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The evolution of cooperation can refer to: * the study of how cooperation can emerge and persist (also known as cooperation theory) as elucidated by application of game theory, * a 1981 paper by political scientist Robert Axelrod and evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton in the scientific literature, or * a 1984 book by Axelrod 〔Axelrod's book was summarized in Douglas Hofstadter's May 1983 "Metamagical Themas" column in Scientific American (reprinted in his book ; see also Richard Dawkin's summary in the second edition of ''The Selfish Gene'' (, ch. 12).〕 that expanded on the paper and popularized the study. This article is an introduction to how game theory and computer modeling are illuminating certain aspects of moral and political philosophy, particularly the role of individuals in groups, the "biology of selfishness and altruism",〔, p. 1.〕 and how cooperation can be evolutionarily advantageous. == Operations research == The idea that human behavior can be usefully analyzed mathematically gained great credibility following the application of operations research in World War II to improve military operations. One famous example involved how the Royal Air Force hunted submarines in the Bay of Biscay.〔 〕 It had seemed to make sense to patrol the areas where submarines were most frequently seen. Then it was pointed out that "seeing the most submarines" depended not only on the number of submarines present, but also on the number of eyes looking; i.e., patrol density. Making an allowance for patrol density showed that patrols were more ''efficient'' – that is, found more submarines per patrol – in other areas. Making appropriate adjustments increased the overall effectiveness. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Evolution of Cooperation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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